Weapon Possession

August 19, 2012

Criminal Possession of a Weapon Defense: Does the “Car & Automobile Presumption” for New York Firearm & Gun Possession Apply if the Weapon is Inoperable?

There are few crimes that prosecutors in New York take as seriously as those involving the illegal possession of firearms, revolvers, pistols, glocks and other weapons. In fact, not only is it an “automatic” felony in New York to possess a loaded firearm outside your home or place of business without a permit to do so, but even if you are lawful gun owner and permit holder in another state, you must have permission from New York to possess that firearm here. Should you fail to secure a New York permit (there are different types of permits that allow certain types of possession), you can and likely will be arrested for Second Degree Criminal Possession of a Weapon (New York Penal Law 265.03). This crime, a “C” violent felony, is punishable by a mandatory minimum term of 3.5 years in a New York State prison and a maximum term of 15 years. This law holds true whether or not you are trying to check your firearm properly at JFK or LaGuardia Airports on a flight out of New York City (see recent cases prosecuted by the Queens County District Attorney’s Office) or you are merely trying to do the “right thing” by “turning in” your gun at Ground Zero in lower Manhattan upon realizing that your possession is not legal or proper (see recent cases prosecuted by the Manhattan District Attorney’s Office). While the important and commendable intent and purpose of the criminal statutes found in Article 265 are there to curb illegal gun sales, gun trafficking and gun violence, it unfortunately also gives District Attorney’s Offices the ability to hammer (or threaten to do the same) otherwise law abiding citizens who are not familiar with New York’s strict gun laws.

Colloquy aside, whether you are a resident of New Hampshire riding in a vehicle with another person who legally owns a firearm in that state or you are a passenger in a vehicle with someone who has a defaced firearm that he or she plans on using in a “stick up,” can you be charged for possessing that firearm even though it was not on your person or in your actual physical possession? The general answer to this question is found in a New York Penal Law 265.15(3). The presence in an automobile (with some exceptions) of any firearm is presumptive evidence of its possession by all persons occupying such automobile at the time such weapon is found (again with some exceptions such as the firearm being found on the person of another passenger or driver). Taking this question or issue a step further, what if the firearm found in that vehicle is inoperable? Does the presumption still apply to guns that do not work? The answer appears to be that it does not.

June 14, 2012

Drake – Brown Beatdown: Possible Criminal Arrests & Charges After Club WIP Bar Fight in Manhattan

by Jeremy Saland

According to reports, rapper-singers Drake and Chris Brown, along with their respective entourages, OD’d in testosterone and supposed manhood at Manhattan’s club W.I.P. Whether it was the result of one too many cocktail, it is alleged that Drake taunted Brown over the former’s “between the sheets dancing” with the over-hyped songstress, Rihanna. If reports are true, the sensitive Brown and sophomoric Drake engaged in bottle tossing mayhem that resulted in what appears to be some fairly serious injuries. Although this blog entry will not address the civil liability of SoHo’s club W.I.P. or the two Top 40 knuckleheads for the alleged brawl, there certainly could be arrest charges in Manhattan should the police and prosecutors be able to identify individuals and their conduct during the “chivalrous bout” over Rihanna’s honor.

If the police can identify the person who instigated the melee as well as those who were involved in and advanced the shenanigans, prosecutors must also be able to establish their respective actions. Not addressing all of the issues that would arise in a prosecution, what are some of the charges a defendant could face should everything fall into place for the Manhattan District Attorney’s Office?

May 20, 2012

Gravity Knife Arrests in New York: Is a Police Officer’s Mere Conclusion that You Possessed a Gravity Knife Sufficient to Support a NY PL 265.01 Complaint

by Jeremy Saland

The most common crime involving weapon arrests in New York is likely Criminal Possession of a Weapon in the Fourth Degree pursuant to New York Penal Law 265.01(1). This specific subsection involves per se weapons defined by statute. If you broke this crime down further in terms of the type of weapon involved in a New York City – Manhattan, Brooklyn, etc., prosecution, you would likely find gravity knives and switchblade knives on the top of the list. From personal experience as a New York criminal lawyer and former Manhattan prosecutor, I have seen hundreds of these offenses prosecuted in the criminal courts through NYC Desk Appearance Tickets (DATs) as well as “full” arrests.

For better or worse, the police and Assistant District Attorneys are fairly efficient when prosecuting misdemeanor weapon cases. Sometimes it appears that the complaint charging the accused with a crime is “cookie cutter” in nature. That is, it seems like boiler plate language is used with minimal “fill in the blank” requirements. In fact, some of these crimes, as well as other offenses including Petit Larceny and Criminal Possession of Stolen Property (NY PL 155.25 and NY PL 165.40 respectively), use pre-drafted and box checked supporting depositions. From an untrained eye it seems that all the thought and diligence is taken out of the process.

May 13, 2012

Is Proof of an Out of State Firearm Permit or License a Defense to the Charge of NY PL 265.03 – Criminal Possession of a Weapon in the Second Degree?

by Jeremy Saland

As a preliminary matter before addressing the issue and court decision in this blog entry, I want to briefly state the law of possessing unlicensed firearms, guns, revolvers, pistols, etc. in the State of New York. Pursuant to New York Penal Law 265.03, Criminal Possession of a Weapon in the Second Degree, it is a felony offense to possess a loaded firearm in New York outside your home or place of business without a license to do so. If convicted, someone with no prior criminal history would face a minimum of 3.5 years to 15 years in state prison.

Having briefly addressed the law in New York, I want to discuss a recent criminal decision that stemmed from Queens County in New York City. In the People v. Dwayne McLaren, 2159/2010, NYLJ 1202552954788, at *1 (Sup., QU, Decided April 27, 2012), the defendant argued the court erred by denying him his Due Process right to a fair trial by precluding him from introducing into evidence the fact that he possessed a valid license to carry a concealed and loaded weapon in neighboring Connecticut.

May 8, 2012

Presuming Criminal Intent when Possessing a Non Per Se Weapon: Understanding New York Penal Law Article 265 Crimes

by Jeremy Saland

There are few crimes – misdemeanor or felony – that are as fiercely prosecuted by Assistant District Attorney’s throughout New York than weapon crimes. Whether the offense is of the misdemeanor variety (NY PL 265.01) and involves a gravity knife or the crime is of the felony level and involves possession of an unlicensed and loaded firearm (NY PL 265.03), prosecutors routinely take hard stances against alleged offenders. In response, New York criminal lawyers and defense attorneys who represent clients in weapon crimes find themselves either searching for a defense that exonerates a client, sufficiently challenges the legality of the allegation or mitigates the accused’s conduct.

An issue that often arises in New York weapon crimes involves those offenses that require an “intent to use unlawfully” verses those crime that are per se based on the type of weapon possessed. The latter crimes are weapon offenses that are unlawful merely based on the type. In other words, these crimes violate the law even if you displayed no hint or desire for wrongdoing.

March 29, 2012

New York Gravity Knife Arrests & DATs: When a Search May be Illegal

by Jeremy Saland

What is a Gravity Knife? Is it illegal to have a gravity knife on my person under New York Law? Under what circumstances can the New York Police search me on a Manhattan Street or a Queens subway station? Once I am arrested for possessing a gravity knife is it possible to get a Desk Appearance Ticket or will I be processed through the system? As an experienced New York criminal lawyer, I often hear these types of questions and answer the same. In this blog post I hope to address at least one of these issues by examining a Brooklyn criminal case involving Criminal Possession of a Weapon in the Fourth Degree (New York Penal Law 265.01).

Criminal Possession of a Weapon in the Fourth Degree is a Class “A” misdemeanor. Sure it’s not a felony, but it is punishable by up to one year in jail and will stay on your permanent record. Further, it is rare that an offer of any kind is made at a defendant’s arraignment in most jurisdictions. Because it is highly that a “slap on the wrist” will make a knife case go away – gravity knife or switchblade knife – it is critical to have a basic understanding of the law. There are eight sections under NY P.L. 265.01, which specify the circumstances under which an individual will be found guilty for possessing certain weapons. Without getting into the details here, you are guilty of Criminal Possession of a Weapon in the Fourth Degree if you possess certain weapons that are classified by statute as automatically criminal regardless of your intent. These weapons include a stun gun, gravity knife, switchblade, bludgeon, metal knuckle and dagger.

March 19, 2012

Manhattan Gun Crimes & Meredith Graves: The Unforgiving Reality of a Second Degree Criminal Possession of a Weapon Charge

by Jeremy Saland

Did Meredith Graves get a “good deal” from Manhattan District Attorney Cyrus Vance, Jr. after she accepted his misdemeanor non-jail plea bargain? Did DA Vance do the “right thing” in offering a non-felony plea? Certainly, the technical answer to both of these questions is an unequivocal “yes.” After all, it is not as if Graves, a registered nurse and fourth year medical student, had a legal defense. She could not argue the police lacked probable cause to arrest her or that the firearm in her possession was recovered as a product of an illegal search. Further, as we all know, ignorance of the law is no defense. The practical reality was that other than mitigation, no other true defense existed. In a case such as this, getting prosecutors to deviate down from a mandatory three and one half year sentence on a felony to no incarceration on a misdemeanor is significant.

Despite the fact that the offer is a heck of a lot better than the mandatory prison Graves would have faced if convicted of Criminal Possession of a Weapon in the Second Degree (New York Penal Law 265.03), there is a real issue that I believe prosecutors ignored in resolving this case. Yes, the Manhattan District Attorney’s Office recognized that the firearm in Graves’ possession was illegally possessed in New York, but it was not an “illegal gun.” Graves had a licensed firearm with the proper permits from her home state (whatever they may be). If evidence established that the weapon was purchased illegally, defaced, used in a crime or was involved in weapon trafficking, DA Vance rightfully would have taken a less forgiving approach. Further, unlike an arrest where a firearm is recovered as a result of some other infraction or crime, Graves had attempted to turn in the firearm and check the weapon at Ground Zero when she learned she was unable to possess it there. It does not take a criminal lawyer to recognize that DA Vance took all of this into consideration when ultimately determining what he believed to be the best resolution to this case and deviating from a normal offer or deal.

February 15, 2012

The Legal Burden in Establishing a Working “Weapon” in New York Criminal Court: NY PL 265.01

by Jeremy Saland

From gravity knives to switchblade knives, whether in Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens or out in Westchester County, as an experienced New York criminal lawyer I have frequently seed defendants charged with Criminal Possession of a Weapon in the Fourth Degree. A misdemeanor, CPW 4, pursuant to New York Penal Law 265.01, is punishable by up to a year in jail. Often times, the alleged offenders are not taken into full custody (traditional arrest, spending a night in jail), but instead are issued a Desk Appearance Ticket (largely issued to NY residents to make it easier on the police, who can issue the ticket and release the ‘defendant’ from their custody without having to send the offender to central booking). More important than procedure, however, is the fact that District Attorney’s Offices in the New York City area consider Criminal Possession of a Weapon one of the most serious types of misdemeanor offenses. This fact is reflected in tough and limited offers and plea deals at arraignment (the first time one sees a judge) regardless of whether a DAT was issued or not.

Briefly, a person is guilty of NY PL 265.01, if that person possesses a weapon specified in the statute (such as a gravity knife or switchblade knife). An individual’s intended used of the “weapon” is not a factor in their guilt. That is, even if you don’t intend to harm anyone, if you have a knife that is deemed a weapon in your possession, you are guilty of the crime. Logically then, mounting a defense against Criminal Possession of a Weapon in the Fourth Degree rests largely on showing that the search and recovery of the weapon was improper, the weapon was not in your possession or showing that in fact the item is not a weapon.

January 20, 2012

When Police Conduct a Post Arrest Search Without an Arrest: Challenging Illegal Searches in New York

by Jeremy Saland

You received a summons for having an open container of beer somewhere in New York City either on the streets of Brooklyn or Manhattan. The police issued you a pink summons and you believed you were on your way to a slap on the wrist. However, to your surprise, you, in the words of the police, are “searched incident to your lawful arrest” where they find cocaine, a gravity knife or some other contraband. Originally given merely a pink ticket, you are arrested and put through the system or issued a Desk Appearance Ticket for violating New York Penal Law 220.03 or New York Penal Law 265.01. Compounding matters, you made some statements as too the drugs or weapon you are alleged to possess. Whether it came in the form of a New York Desk Appearance Ticket or you were sent to Central Booking, you now need a criminal lawyer to help fight the misdemeanor charge you face. How did this simple “nothing” case evolve into something so serious…

While rarely anything in the practice of New York criminal law is easy and straightforward, a recent decision from an Appellate Court in Western New York has given a little extra support to New York criminal defense attorneys defending clients in scenarios such as the one mentioned above. In People v Kalikow, 2011 NY Slip Op 09452 Decided on December 23, 2011 Appellate Division, Fourth Department, the defendant had received an appearance ticket for having an open container of alcohol. This was a violation of a local municipal ordinance. Upon issuing the appearance ticket, the defendant was ultimately searched and he made damaging statements. What specifically the police recovered and what the defendant actually said is irrelevant. In Kalikow, the issue was whether the conduct of the police was legal (the search) and, if not, whether the evidence recovered could be used against the accused at trial.

December 29, 2011

Tennessee Woman Arrested for Possessing & “Checking” Loaded Firearm at Ground Zero: Analysis of NY PL 265.03 & Its Strict Enforcement

by Jeremy Saland

To do the “right thing” almost always takes courage. The path of least resistance it is not. In New York City, where gun crime seems to have been relatively rampant over the past year recently culminating in the tragic death of New York City Police Officer Peter Figoski, District Attorneys are frothing at the mouth with every new firearm arrest. While often time zealous prosecution is more than reasonable in gun and violent crime cases, other times law enforcement in New York City can’t see the forest from the trees. For the sake of Meredith Graves, a nurse from Tennessee who “checked” her legally owned handgun with the police at Ground Zero, let’s hope that Manhattan District Attorney Cyrus Vance, Jr. not only can see this recent gun possession arrest for what it truly is – an honest mistake about New York laws – but also ignores the general guidelines he and his office have imposed on weapon cases.

Before addressing the allegations against Ms. Graves, one must understand and have a grasp on New York’s criminal statutes involving the possession of firearms without a permit. According to New York Penal Law 265.03(3), you are guilty of Criminal Possession of a Weapon in the Second Degree (CPW 2) if and when you possess a loaded firearm (a pistol, revolver, handgun, etc.) that is both loaded and outside your home or place of business and you do so without a permit. There are two critical concepts or rules that apply to these cases. First, you need not possess any intent to use that firearm unlawfully or against another person. Second, case law establishes that “loaded,” in the eyes of the court, is far more liberal than its literal meaning. In fact, if the firearm is capable of being loaded and the ammunition is locked in a carrying case with your gun (but not physically in it), then that gun is considered loaded for prosecution purposes. One last, but unavoidable point. As a “C” violent felony, NY PL 265.03 is punishable by a mandatory minimum of three and one half years in prison for a person without absolutely no criminal history. Compounding matters, a judge could sentence a defendant to as many as fifteen years in custody.